Sulfonic acid is a compound with general formula RSO2OH, where R is an aliphatic
or aromatic hydrocarbon. It is a derivative of sulfuric acid (HOSO2OH) where an
OH has been replaced by a carbon group or a compound where a hydrogen atom has
been replaced by treatment with sulfuric acid; for example, benzene is converted
to benzenesulfonic acid (water-soluble). Sulfonic acid has a sulfur atom bonded
to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon and bonded also to three oxygen atoms, one of
which has been attached to a hydrogen atom. Sulfonic acid is acidic due to the
hydrogen atom, stronger than a carboxylic acid. Sulfonic acid is one of the most
important organo sulfur compounds in organic synthesis. Sulfonic acids are used
as catalysts in esterification, alkylation and condensation reactions.
Sulfonates are salts or esters of sulfonic acid. Sulfonic salts are soluble in
water. Sulfonic acid and its salts present in organic dyes provide useful
function of water solubility and or improve the washfastness of dyes due to
their capabiltity of binding more tightly to the fabric. They are widely used in
the detergent industry. Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid is the largest-volume
synthetic surfactant because of its relatively low cost, good performance, the
fact that it can be dried to a stable powder and the biodegradable environmental
friendliness. Sulfonate cleaners do not form an insoluble precipitates in hard
water. Sulfonic acid salts and esters are intermediates widely used in organic
synthesis and particularly phenolic compounds and cation exchange resins. They
are synthetic intermediate for a number of biologically active compounds and
pharmaceutical candidates such as sulfa drugs. Short carbon chain metallic
sulfonate is used in electroplating which is a process for applying a metallic
coating on a metal surface by electrodeposition from a suitable electrolyte
solution for imparting corrosion resistance and direct production of printed
circuit boards without etching out of a piece of copper sheet. Methanesulfonic acid
is used as the acid electrolyte in the electroplating
because many metals which are not soluble in mineral or organic acids
are soluble, particularly tin and lead plating. Stannic sludge
formation is rare as methanesulfonic acid is a non-oxidizing acid.
Electroplating baths for lead frames, connectors, printed
circuit boards, and wire are complex of methanesulfonic acid itself and its
salts along with additives enhancing the performance.
Methylsulphonic acid
has applications in the fields include:
- Electroplating and electrochemical processes
- Alkylation,
esterification and condensation reactions
- Lead recovery
- Chemical intermediate
for manufacture of drugs and pesticides
- Petroleum refining and lube oil
additives
- Extraction and process solvent
- Plastic stabilizers
Mesyl Chloride
is widely used as a catalyst, chlorination agent and stabilizer for organic
synthesis and as an intermediate for photographic chemicals, agrochemcials,
dyses and pharmaceuticals. It can be used as a bactericide.
Anhydride is a
chemical compound formed by the abstraction of a molecule of water,
H2O, from a substance.
The term acid anhydride is restricted sometime to the anhydride formed
especially from an acid by dehydration or one that revert to the original
substance upon hydration. In case of bimolecular, it can be composed of two
molecules of the corresponding acid. The term mixed anhydride is an acid
anhydride composed of two different acids. Examples are adenosine triphosphate
or an aminoacyl adenylate. The anhydrides of bases are oxides. Anhydrides of
inorganic acids are usually oxides of nonmetallic elements. Carbon dioxide
(CO2) is the anhydride of
carbonic acid, dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) is the anhydride of
nitric acid, and, phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) is the anhydride of
phosphoric acid, and sulfur trioxide (SO3) is the anhydride of
sulfuric acid. Examples of inorganic anhydrides include dinitrogen pentoxide,
which is the anhydride of nitric acid, and sulfur trioxide, which is the
anhydride of sulfuric acid. Organic anhydrides contain the carbonyl group (CO).
Organic anhydrides are formed by the condensation of original acids. Lactone, an
internal cyclic monoester, is an anhydride derived from the hydroxyl and
carboxyl radicals. The names of anhydrides derived from carboxylic acids are
given first from the original acid followed by the separate word anhydride.
Anhydrides are more reactive than the parent acids. Anhydrides are typically not
target molecules, but rather they are used as intermediates for the synthesis of
other organic members such as esters and amides for the industrial applications
include dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, plastics, fibers, curing agents,
plasticizers and many others. Methanesulfonic anhydride
is useful in the reaction for aromatic alkylation.
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